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2.1 Software development process Read Online
2.2 Requirements analysis Read Online
2.3 Software design Read Online
2.4 Software construction Read Online
2.5 Software testing Read Online
2.6 Software maintenance Read Online
2.7 Software configuration management Read Online
Virtually all countries now depend on complex computer-based systems. More and more products incorporate computers and controlling software in some form. The software in these systems represents a large and increasing proportion of the total system costs. Therefore, producing software in a cost-effective way is essential for the functioning of national and international economies.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline whose goal is the cost-effective development of software systems. Software is abstract and intangible. It is not constrained by materials, governed by physical laws or by manufacturing processes. In some ways, this simplifies software engineering as there are no physical limitations on the potential of software. In other ways, however, this lack of natural constraints means that software can easily become extremely complex and hence very difficult to understand.
Software engineering is still a relatively young discipline. The notion of ‘software engineering’ was first proposed in 1968 at a conference held to discuss what was then called the ‘software crisis’. This software crisis resulted directly from the introduction of powerful, third generation computer hardware. Their power made hitherto unrealisable computer applications a feasible proposition. The resulting software was orders of magnitude larger and more complex than previous software systems.
Early experience in building these systems showed that an informal approach to software development was not good enough. Major projects were sometimes years late. They cost much more than originally predicted, were unreliable, difficult to maintain and performed poorly. Software development was in crisis. Hardware costs were tumbling whilst software costs were rising rapidly. New techniques and methods were needed to control the complexity inherent in large software systems.
These techniques have become part of software engineering and are now widely although not universally used. However, there are still problems in producing complex software which meets user expectations, is delivered on time and to budget. Many software projects still have problems and this has led to some commentators (Pressman, 1997) suggesting that software engineering is in a state of chronic affliction.
As our ability to produce software has increased so too has the complexity of the software systems required. New technologies resulting from the convergence of computers and communication systems place new demands on software engineers. For this reason and because many companies do not apply software engineering techniques effectively, we still have problems. Things are not as bad as the doomsayers suggest but there is clearly room for improvement.
Question: class Clidders { public final void flipper() { System.out.println("Clidder"); } } public class Clidlets extends Clidders { public void flipper() { System.out.println("Flip a Clidlet"); super.flipper(); } public static void main(String [] args) { new Clidlets().flipper(); } } What is the result?
Choices:
Clidder
Flip a Clidlet
RuntimeException
compiles successfully
Compilation fails
Question: class Foozit { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer x = 0; Integer y = 0; for(Short z = 0; z < 5; z++) if((++x > 2) || (++y > 2)) x++; System.out.println(x + " " + y); } }
Choices:
6 3
4 2
8 4
8 2
Question: class Circus { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 9; int y = 6; for(int z = 0; z < 6; z++, y--) { if(x > 2) x--; label: if(x > 5) { System.out.print(x + " "); --x; continue label; } x--; } } } What is the result?
Choices:
No O/P produced...
compilation fails.
RunTimeException
Question: Which are methods of the Object class? (.)
Choices:
wait(long msecs);
notify();
run();
start();
notifyAll();
Question: Given the following directory structure: org | -- Robot.class | | -- ex |-- Pet.class | |-- why |-- Dog.class And the following source file: class MyClass { Robot r; Pet p; Dog d; } Which statement(s) must be added for the source file to compile? (.)
Choices:
import org.*;
import org.ex.*;
package org.*;
package org.ex.why;
package org.ex.*;
Question: Given two files: package xcom; public class Stuff { public static final int MY_CONSTANT = 5; public static int doStuff(int x) { return (x++)*x; } } import xcom.Stuff.*; import java.lang.System.out; class User { public static void main(String[] args) { new User().go(); } void go() { out.println(doStuff(MY_CONSTANT)); } } What is the result?
Choices:
5
6
compilation error
run time Exception
None of the above
Question: class Titanic { public static void main(String[] args) { Boolean b1 = true; boolean b2 = false; boolean b3 = true; if((b1 & b2) | (b2 & b3) & b3) System.out.print("alpha "); if((b1 = false) | (b1 & b3) | (b1 | b2)) System.out.print("beta "); } } What is the result? Correct Answer
Choices:
alpha
beta
alpha beta
No O/P produced
compilation fails
Question: class Polish { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 4; StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("..fedcba"); sb.delete(3,6); sb.insert(3, "az"); if(sb.length() > 6) x = sb.indexOf("b"); sb.delete((x-3), (x-2)); System.out.println(sb); } }
Choices:
..azab
..azba
..aabz
..zbaa
Question: class TarsierX { static String s = "-"; public static void main(String[] args) { go(); System.out.println(s); } { go(); } static { go(); } static void go() { s+= "s"; } } What is the result?
Choices:
ss
-ss
-s
s
Question: 12. TreeSet map = new TreeSet(); 13. map.add("one"); 14. map.add("two"); 15. map.add("three"); 16. map.add("four"); 17. map.add("one"); 18. Iterator it = map.iterator(); 19. while (it.hasNext() ) { 20. System.out.print( it.next() + " " ); 21. } What is the result?
Choices:
four one three two
one two three four
two four one three
two three four one
four three two one
Question: class Knowing { static final long tooth = 343L; static long doIt(long tooth) { System.out.print(++tooth + " "); return ++tooth; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print(tooth + " "); final long tooth = 340L; new Knowing().doIt(tooth); System.out.println(tooth); } }
Choices:
340 341 343
341 343 340
343 341 340
compilation fails